Archive for the ‘Australian Patents’ Category

Tuesday, February 23rd, 2010

Hard lesson to be learned

“On a practical level the lesson of this case may be there is a need for express arrangements” – Gummow J special leave hearing

The impact of the recent decision of the High Court of Australia to refuse the University of Western Australia’s application for special leave to appeal from the Full Federal Court’s decision (reported here) cannot be underestimated.  While it represented the end of a very lengthy battle that commenced in December 2004, this decision will have huge impact on universities and their commercial dealings with private sector groups.

Universities will now need to have in place effective procedures and clear contractual terms dealing with the ownership of inventions created by academic staff.  It is clear that the rule in Sterling v Patchett [1955] AC 534 that an employer is entitled to any product of the work which the employee is paid to do unless it is excluded by express agreement and whether that product is patentable or not, does not extend to academic staff employed by universities.

There is an immediate need for universities to review all existing projects to address the question of the ownership of IP and to resolve ownership, before entering into any commercial arrangement.  Likewise companies that rely on research conducted by universities will need to ensure the ownership of any IP generated in these projects has been adequately addressed.

Friday, February 12th, 2010

End of the road for UWA

The High Court today refused the application by the University of Western Australia for special leave to appeal the decision of the Full Federal Court in University of Western Australia v Gray [2009] FCAFC 116. Our analysis of that case is here.

There is no further avenue of appeal. We expect to issue a further update when we have examined the transcript, which is not yet available.

The University issued this statement today.

Monday, February 8th, 2010

Commercialisation Australia grants cover IP costs

The Australian Government’s Commercialisation Australia initiative provides grants of up to $50,000 to access specialist business advice and services including intellectual property management.

IP Australia reported today that eligible expenditure include fees for the cost of filing a patent application, patent search and examination fees, and annual patent maintenance fees.

An overview of the scheme is here.

Wednesday, December 23rd, 2009

Dodgy IP register caught by court

A Florida-based company that issued misleading invoices to patent and trade mark applicants was recently found to have violated the state’s Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act.

This serves as a timely reminder that there are several organisations that issue official-looking documents to owners of recently granted (or due for renewal) patents and trade marks. The documents usually look like invoices and solicit payment for a service of no value at all.

Further information on this problem, including a list of organisations engaged in the practice, is here.

Thursday, December 17th, 2009

The end of the “appeal” road for Dura-Post

Dura-Post (Aust) Pty Ltd’s application for special leave to appeal from the Full Federal Court’s decision was refused by the High Court of Australia on 11 December 2009.  As reported earlier here, the Full Court of the Federal Court upheld the decision of Justice Gyles including his findings on innovative step.

In reaching its decision, the Full Court confirmed that when considering whether the invention claimed is in respect of an ‘innovative step’, the Court must compare the invention as claimed with each prior art disclosure and identify whether any variations between the invention and the prior disclosure make a substantial contribution to the working of the invention.

The Full Court also accepted the trial judge’s view that “substantial” contribution in the context of section 7(4) means “real” or “of substance” as opposed to distinctions without any real difference.

The High Court’s decision to refuse special leave not only confirms the approach taken by Justice Gyles and the Full Court in assessing whether an invention involves an innovative step, but it also reinforces the value of innovation patent system for those inventions that would not otherwise be protectable by reason that they do not involve an inventive step.

Monday, December 14th, 2009

IP Australia now providing Priority Document Access Service

IP Australia is now providing patent applicants with access to the Priority Document Access Service (DAS) administered by WIPO.

Applicants can request IP Australia to send their priority document to WIPO’s digital library. Applications based on the Australian priority document in those countries participating in DAS will meet their obligation to supply a certified copy of their Australian priority document.

Applicants who have filed a patent application with IP Australia relying on foreign priority may also be able to meet any obligations to supply a certified copy of their priority document by providing IP Australia with access to a copy of their priority document through DAS.

This Service cannot be used to meet priority document requirements under the PCT, although this is expected in the near future.

Monday, December 14th, 2009

IP Australia & IPONZ office closures

IP Australia will be closed from 25 December 2009 to 1 January 2010 (inclusive).

The Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand will be closed from 25 December 2009 to 4 January 2010 (inclusive).

Any deadlines occurring on those dates will be accepted on the next business day.

Thursday, December 10th, 2009

IP Australia launches Peer-to-Patent trial

IP Australia has announced the trial of a web-based initiative where patent applicants are able to volunteer to have their application posted on a website allowing registered subject-matter experts to “submit information corresponding to the claims of patent applications”. This would include the experts identifying prior art (in particular, non-patent literature) not identified by the examiner.

The trial will only relate to business methods or related applications. See here for more information.

Similar programs have (or are) been conducted in the US, the UK, Europe (EPO) and Japan.

Thursday, November 26th, 2009

Clear the way of patents or risk being blocked

Yet another decision granting an interlocutory injunction to restrain infringement of a patent relating to a pharmaceutical product in Abbott GMBH & Co. KG v Apotex Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 1366, highlights the potential significance of a deliberate decision not to seek revocation of a patent prior to entering the market.

Having considered the claim for infringement and the cross-claim for revocation which was stated to be “a legitimate and potentially viable cross-claim that will require a serious response from the applicants”, Jessup J concluded that the patentee Abbott had made out a prima facia case. His honour then considered the balance of convenience, noting that “this is not a case in which the respondent has been preparing to introduce a new product on to the market, and is surprised to learn of the suggestion that its proposed product would infringe an existing patent”. Rather;

the respondent knew of the patent in suit, and (I infer) of its potential to stand in the way of its commercial plans, as much as about a year ago. Yet no challenge was made to the validity of the patent until the applicants were on the threshold of losing the added protection of patent No 633529. Standing alone, this would account to an important discretionary consideration in favour of granting the relief which the applicants seek.

In seeking to diminish the significance of this factor, Apotex relied upon the recent Full Court decision in Smith & Nephew Pty Ltd v Wake Forest University Health Sciences [2009] FCAFC 142 (reported here), in which the Court held that:

it would be an error in considering whether the grant of an interlocutory injunction, in the context of an infringement claim, where the validity of the patent is in issue, to impose on a person who seeks to launch an alleged infringing product, an obligation to ‘clear the way’ by revoking the patent. Equally, the fact that a new entrant is prepared to take the risk of being restrained with its eyes wide open, should not be elevated beyond being a factor in the assessment of the many factors relevant to whether to grant an injunction.

Jessup J considered that taking this factor into account as a discretionary consideration was in the circumstances appropriate, concluding that:

[t]he respondent chose to refrain from challenging the validity of the patent in suit for what I consider to be essentially tactical reasons. To expect it to live with the consequences of that choice does not, I consider, amount to the imposition of a requirement that it “clear the way”.

Accordingly, while not to be elevated above the many factors to be considered in assessing the balance of convenience, a deliberate tactical decision not to challenge the validity of a patent prior to entering the market is likely to weigh in favour of the grant of an interlocutory injunction. Given that the grant of a patent is a prima facie indication of its validity, it is unsurprising that a party who considers its conduct shall not infringe because the patent is bad should be restrained from the allegedly infringing conduct until such time as its case for invalidity is made out.

Wednesday, November 18th, 2009

Appeal Court refuses replacement of patent ownership decision

The New South Wales Court of Appeal in Fermiscan Pty Ltd & Ors v Dr James [2009] NSWSC 355 has confirmed that an inventor retained the ownership of a second invention she had developed.  The first instance decision is reported here.  The case involved a dispute over the assignment of the right to improvements in Dr James’ first invention to Fermiscan.  Fermiscan argued that a second invention by Dr James was an improvement to the first invention and Fermiscan rightfully owned the second invention pursuant to the assignment.

“Improvements” was defined in the assignment to include processes which “replace” the first invention.  On appeal, Fermiscan’s main argument was that the second invention constituted a replacement for the first invention because it was for a similar purpose and provided an alternative to the first invention.

The Court disagreed that the second invention was a replacement for the first invention.  Allsop P considered that a “replacement” did not broadly mean any commercial alternative. Rather, in this context “replace” properly meant something that replaces the claims of the patent covering the first invention, in the sense that the replacement encompasses the claims of the first invention and thereby takes the place of or substitutes for them: a new product or process with one or more further integers in addition to the relevant claims would be a replacement.  In reaching the same conclusion as Allsop P, Handley AJA also interpreted “replacement” by reference to the claims of the patent covering the first invention.  His Honour reasoned that a replacement meant a new product or process which omitted one of the essential integers of a claim in the patent for the first invention, or one which added a new essential integer to a relevant claim, to give a better result.  As the second invention was not part of the claims of the first invention and only used some of the integers of those claims, the second invention was not found to be a “replacement”.

This case provides a good illustration of how an ordinary word used in a contract (in this case, the word “replace”) may be construed more narrowly by a Court than one of its broad ordinary meanings, in light of the context of the contract.  The case also highlights the need to precisely identify the nature of any future improvements which are the subject of an assignment.